Purpose
To balance a pair of N-by-N complex matrices (A,B). This involves, first, permuting A and B by equivalence transformations to isolate eigenvalues in the first 1 to ILO-1 and last IHI+1 to N elements on the diagonal of A and B; and second, applying a diagonal equivalence transformation to rows and columns ILO to IHI to make the rows and columns as close in 1-norm as possible. Both steps are optional. Balancing may reduce the 1-norms of the matrices, and improve the accuracy of the computed eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors in the generalized eigenvalue problem A*x = lambda*B*x. This routine may optionally improve the conditioning of the scaling transformation compared to the LAPACK routine ZGGBAL.Specification
SUBROUTINE MB4DLZ( JOB, N, THRESH, A, LDA, B, LDB, ILO, IHI,
$ LSCALE, RSCALE, DWORK, IWARN, INFO )
C .. Scalar Arguments ..
CHARACTER JOB
INTEGER IHI, ILO, INFO, IWARN, LDA, LDB, N
DOUBLE PRECISION THRESH
C .. Array Arguments ..
DOUBLE PRECISION DWORK(*), LSCALE(*), RSCALE(*)
COMPLEX*16 A(LDA,*), B(LDB,*)
Arguments
Mode Parameters
JOB CHARACTER*1
Specifies the operations to be performed on A and B:
= 'N': none: simply set ILO = 1, LSCALE(I) = 1.0 and
RSCALE(I) = 1.0 for I = 1,...,N.
= 'P': permute only;
= 'S': scale only;
= 'B': both permute and scale.
Input/Output Parameters
N (input) INTEGER
The order of matrices A and B. N >= 0.
THRESH (input) DOUBLE PRECISION
If JOB = 'S' or JOB = 'B', and THRESH >= 0, threshold
value for magnitude of the elements to be considered in
the scaling process: elements with magnitude less than or
equal to THRESH*MXNORM are ignored for scaling, where
MXNORM is the maximum of the 1-norms of the original
submatrices A(s,s) and B(s,s), with s = ILO:IHI.
If THRESH < 0, the subroutine finds the scaling factors
for which some conditions, detailed below, are fulfilled.
A sequence of increasing strictly positive threshold
values is used.
If THRESH = -1, the condition is that
max( norm(A(s,s),1)/norm(B(s,s),1),
norm(B(s,s),1)/norm(S(s,s),1) ) (1)
has the smallest value, for the threshold values used,
where A(s,s) and B(s,s) are the scaled submatrices.
If THRESH = -2, the norm ratio reduction (1) is tried, but
the subroutine may return IWARN = 1 and reset the scaling
factors to 1, if this seems suitable. See the description
of the argument IWARN and FURTHER COMMENTS.
If THRESH = -3, the condition is that
norm(A(s,s),1)*norm(B(s,s),1) (2)
has the smallest value for the scaled submatrices.
If THRESH = -4, the norm reduction in (2) is tried, but
the subroutine may return IWARN = 1 and reset the scaling
factors to 1, as for THRESH = -2 above.
If THRESH = -VALUE, with VALUE >= 10, the condition
numbers of the left and right scaling transformations will
be bounded by VALUE, i.e., the ratios between the largest
and smallest entries in LSCALE(s) and RSCALE(s), will be
at most VALUE. VALUE should be a power of 10.
If JOB = 'N' or JOB = 'P', the value of THRESH is
irrelevant.
A (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDA,N)
On entry, the leading N-by-N part of this array must
contain the matrix A.
On exit, the leading N-by-N part of this array contains
the balanced matrix A.
In particular, the strictly lower triangular part of the
first ILO-1 columns and the last N-IHI rows of A is zero.
LDA INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= MAX(1,N).
B (input/output) COMPLEX*16 array, dimension (LDB, N)
On entry, the leading N-by-N part of this array must
contain the matrix B.
On exit, the leading N-by-N part of this array contains
the balanced matrix B.
In particular, the strictly lower triangular part of the
first ILO-1 columns and the last N-IHI rows of B is zero.
If JOB = 'N', the arrays A and B are not referenced.
LDB INTEGER
The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= MAX(1, N).
ILO (output) INTEGER
IHI (output) INTEGER
ILO and IHI are set to integers such that on exit
A(i,j) = 0 and B(i,j) = 0 if i > j and
j = 1,...,ILO-1 or i = IHI+1,...,N.
If JOB = 'N' or 'S', ILO = 1 and IHI = N.
LSCALE (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied
to the left side of A and B. If P(j) is the index of the
row interchanged with row j, and D(j) is the scaling
factor applied to row j, then
LSCALE(j) = P(j) for j = 1,...,ILO-1
= D(j) for j = ILO,...,IHI
= P(j) for j = IHI+1,...,N.
The order in which the interchanges are made is N to
IHI+1, then 1 to ILO-1.
RSCALE (output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (N)
Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied
to the right side of A and B. If P(j) is the index of the
column interchanged with column j, and D(j) is the scaling
factor applied to column j, then
RSCALE(j) = P(j) for j = 1,...,ILO-1
= D(j) for j = ILO,...,IHI
= P(j) for j = IHI+1,...,N.
The order in which the interchanges are made is N to
IHI+1, then 1 to ILO-1.
Workspace
DWORK DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDWORK) where
LDWORK = 0, if JOB = 'N' or JOB = 'P', or N = 0;
LDWORK = 6*N, if (JOB = 'S' or JOB = 'B') and THRESH >= 0;
LDWORK = 8*N, if (JOB = 'S' or JOB = 'B') and THRESH < 0.
On exit, if JOB = 'S' or JOB = 'B', DWORK(1) and DWORK(2)
contain the initial 1-norms of A(s,s) and B(s,s), and
DWORK(3) and DWORK(4) contain their final 1-norms,
respectively. Moreover, DWORK(5) contains the THRESH value
used (irrelevant if IWARN = 1 or ILO = IHI).
Warning Indicator
IWARN INTEGER
= 0: no warning;
= 1: scaling has been requested, for THRESH = -2 or
THRESH = -4, but it most probably would not improve
the accuracy of the computed solution for a related
eigenproblem (since maximum norm increased
significantly compared to the original pencil
matrices and (very) high and/or small scaling
factors occurred). The returned scaling factors have
been reset to 1, but information about permutations,
if requested, has been preserved.
Error Indicator
INFO INTEGER
= 0: successful exit.
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal
value.
Method
Balancing consists of applying an equivalence transformation
to isolate eigenvalues and/or to make the 1-norms of the rows
and columns ILO,...,IHI of A and B nearly equal. If THRESH < 0,
a search is performed to find those scaling factors giving the
smallest norm ratio or product defined above (see the description
of the parameter THRESH).
Assuming JOB = 'S', let Dl and Dr be diagonal matrices containing
the vectors LSCALE and RSCALE, respectively. The returned matrices
are obtained using the equivalence transformation
Dl*A*Dr and Dl*B*Dr.
For THRESH = 0, the routine returns essentially the same results
as the LAPACK subroutine ZGGBAL [1]. Setting THRESH < 0, usually
gives better results than ZGGBAL for badly scaled matrix pencils.
References
[1] Anderson, E., Bai, Z., Bischof, C., Demmel, J., Dongarra, J.,
Du Croz, J., Greenbaum, A., Hammarling, S., McKenney, A.,
Ostrouchov, S., and Sorensen, D.
LAPACK Users' Guide: Second Edition.
SIAM, Philadelphia, 1995.
Numerical Aspects
No rounding errors appear if JOB = 'P'.Further Comments
If THRESH = -2, the increase of the maximum norm of the scaled submatrices, compared to the maximum norm of the initial submatrices, is bounded by MXGAIN = 100. If THRESH = -2, or THRESH = -4, the maximum condition number of the scaling transformations is bounded by MXCOND = 1/SQRT(EPS), where EPS is the machine precision (see LAPACK Library routine DLAMCH).Example
Program Text
* MB4DLZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM TEXT
* Copyright (c) 2002-2017 NICONET e.V.
*
* .. Parameters ..
INTEGER NIN, NOUT
PARAMETER ( NIN = 5, NOUT = 6 )
INTEGER NMAX
PARAMETER ( NMAX = 10 )
INTEGER LDA, LDB
PARAMETER ( LDA = NMAX, LDB = NMAX )
* .. Local Scalars ..
CHARACTER*1 JOB
INTEGER I, ILO, INFO, IWARN, J, N
DOUBLE PRECISION THRESH
* .. Local Arrays ..
COMPLEX*16 A(LDA, NMAX ), B( LDB, NMAX )
DOUBLE PRECISION DWORK(8*NMAX), LSCALE(NMAX), RSCALE(NMAX)
* .. External Functions ..
LOGICAL LSAME
EXTERNAL LSAME
* .. External Subroutines ..
EXTERNAL MB4DLZ
* .. Executable Statements ..
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99999 )
* Skip the heading in the data file and read the data.
READ ( NIN, FMT = '()' )
READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) N, JOB, THRESH
IF( N.LE.0 .OR. N.GT.NMAX ) THEN
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99985 ) N
ELSE
READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( A(I,J), J = 1,N ), I = 1,N )
READ ( NIN, FMT = * ) ( ( B(I,J), J = 1,N ), I = 1,N )
CALL MB4DLZ( JOB, N, THRESH, A, LDA, B, LDB, ILO, IHI, LSCALE,
$ RSCALE, DWORK, IWARN, INFO )
IF ( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99998 ) INFO
ELSE
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99997 )
DO 10 I = 1, N
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( A(I,J), J = 1,N )
10 CONTINUE
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99996 )
DO 40 I = 1, N
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99995 ) ( B(I,J), J = 1,N )
40 CONTINUE
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99994 ) ILO
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99993 ) IHI
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99991 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 ) ( LSCALE(I), I = 1,N )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99990 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 ) ( RSCALE(I), I = 1,N )
IF ( LSAME( JOB, 'S' ) .OR. LSAME( JOB, 'B' ) ) THEN
IF ( .NOT.( THRESH.EQ.-2 .OR. THRESH.EQ.-4 ) ) THEN
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99989 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 ) ( DWORK(I), I = 1,2 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99988 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 ) ( DWORK(I), I = 3,4 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99987 )
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99992 ) ( DWORK(5) )
ELSE
WRITE ( NOUT, FMT = 99986 ) IWARN
END IF
END IF
END IF
END IF
*
99999 FORMAT (' MB4DLZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM RESULTS',/1X)
99998 FORMAT (' INFO on exit from MB4DLZ = ',I2)
99997 FORMAT (' The balanced matrix A is ')
99996 FORMAT (/' The balanced matrix B is ')
99995 FORMAT (20( 1X, G11.4, SP, F9.3, S, 'i ') )
99994 FORMAT (/' ILO = ',I4)
99993 FORMAT (/' IHI = ',I4)
99992 FORMAT (20(1X,G11.4))
99991 FORMAT (/' The permutations and left scaling factors are ')
99990 FORMAT (/' The permutations and right scaling factors are ')
99989 FORMAT (/' The initial 1-norms of the (sub)matrices are ')
99988 FORMAT (/' The final 1-norms of the (sub)matrices are ')
99987 FORMAT (/' The threshold value finally used is ')
99986 FORMAT (/' IWARN on exit from MB4DLZ = ',I2)
99985 FORMAT (/' N is out of range.',/' N = ',I5)
END
Program Data
MB4DLZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM DATA
4 B -3
(1,0.5) 0 -1e-12 0
0 (-2,-1) 0 0
1 (-1,-0.5) (-1,0.5) 0
(-1,0.5) -1 0 (2,-1)
(1,0.5) 0 0 0
0 (1,0.5) 0 0
0 0 (1,-0.5) 0
0 0 0 (1,-0.5)
Program Results
MB4DLZ EXAMPLE PROGRAM RESULTS The balanced matrix A is 2.000 -1.000i -1.000 +0.500i 0.000 +0.000i -1.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 1.000 +0.500i -0.1000E-11 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 1.000 +0.000i -1.000 +0.500i -1.000 -0.500i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i -2.000 -1.000i The balanced matrix B is 1.000 -0.500i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 1.000 +0.500i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 1.000 -0.500i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 0.000 +0.000i 1.000 +0.500i ILO = 2 IHI = 3 The permutations and left scaling factors are 2.000 1.000 1.000 2.000 The permutations and right scaling factors are 2.000 1.000 1.000 2.000 The initial 1-norms of the (sub)matrices are 2.118 1.118 The final 1-norms of the (sub)matrices are 2.118 1.118 The threshold value finally used is 0.2229E-12